Author: Christina Loukopoulou MSc.•Reviewer: Declan Tempany BSc (Hons)
Last reviewed: October 30, 2023
Reading time: 7 minutes
Submucosal plexus (of Meissner)
Plexus nervosus submucosus
Synonyms: Meissner's plexus
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the largest component of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in the human body. It comprises an intricate collection of intrinsic neuronal microcircuits in the wall of the digestive canal allowing it to regulate gastrointestinal function independent of the rest of the nervous system.
The ENS consists of enteric neurons and glial cells divided into two interconnected plexuses (the myenteric and submucosal plexuses) located between the layers of the gastrointestinal tract.
This article will discuss the anatomy and function of the submucosal plexus, also known as Meissner’s plexus.
| Location | Submucosa of gastrointestinal tract |
| Structure | Postganglionic sympathetic neurons, preganglionic/postganglionic parasympathetic neurons (submucosal ganglia), enteric neurons, enteric glial cells |
| Function | Regulation of fluid secretion and absorption Modulation of blood flow Response to stimuli from epithelium and lumen to support bowel function. |
Contents
- Location
- Structure
- Histology
- Function
- Clinical relations
- Intestinal inflammation
- Sources
+ Show all
Location
Submucosal plexus (of Meissner)
Plexus nervosus submucosus
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Synonyms: Meissner's plexus
Histologically, the structural organisation of the gastrointestinal tract (particularly from the esophagus to the anal canal) is consistent and is formed by four distinctive layers: (from the intestinal lumen outward) the mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer/coat and serosa.
The submucosal nerve plexus (Meissner plexus), as indicated by its name, is located in the submucosa, a thin layer of tissue consisting of dense irregular connective tissue embedded with numerous blood and lymph vessels. Submucosal neurons are arranged as plexuses, a form of ganglia network linked by connectives. These neuronal plexuses are more developed in the small and large intestines rather than the stomach, where ganglia are sparser and smaller.
Structure
The submucosal nerve plexus primarily contains visceral sympathetic fibers, parasympathetic terminal ganglia composed of unmyelinated preganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetic neurons controlling the motility of the mucosa and secretory activities of associated mucosal glands. In addition to the above, neurons and enteric glial cells (EGCs), a characteristic of the enteric nervous system, can be found within the muscular coat, submucosa and lamina propria. Enteric glial cells are primarily involved in gut homeostasis and contribute to the integrity of the epithelial barrier.
Branches of the myenteric (Auerbach) plexus which penetrate the muscular layer to the submucosa are involved in the formation of the nerve meshwork in the submucosa.
Structurally, the submucosal plexus is composed of two layers:
- An outer layer containing motor neurons projecting to the circular smooth muscular layer. This lesser known component is known as the outer submucosal plexus or Schabadasch plexus.
- An inner layer lying adjacent to the muscularis mucosae and innervating it as well as the submucosal glands. This is often considered to be the ‘true’ submucosal (Meissner) plexus.
Interestingly, a specialized group of cells called interstitial cells (of Cajal, a.k.a enteric pacemaker cells) can also be found distributed in the submucosa and submucosal plexus at the interface between the submucosal connective tissue and the innermost circular muscle layer. These cells act as electric pacemakers of the gut, allowing the myenteric and submucosal plexuses to function autonomously.
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Histology
In histological sections, ganglion cells are usually the easiest component of the submucosal plexus to identify. They have large cell bodies with relatively basophilic staining cytoplasm coupled with a large round euchromatic nucleus (featuring a single prominent nucleolus). This makes them relatively conspicuous among the spindle-shaped nuclei of surrounding fibroblasts.
Function
The submucosal plexus has the following functions:
- Regulates peristaltic activity by innervating the muscularis mucosae
- Modulates blood flow (vasomotor supply to submucosal blood vessels)
- Increases digestive secretion of water and electrolytes
- Provides secretomotor innervation to submucosal glands to lubricate and protect the mucosal lining from acidic gastric juices
- Aids in mixing and absorption of nutrients.
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Clinical relations
Intestinal inflammation
The terms inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS) stand for a group of conditions causing chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract lining. Inflammation can significantly disrupt major intestinal functions including motility, secretion and sensation. Diarrhea, one of the most common symptoms of IBD and IBS, is characterized by loose or liquid bowel movements and often occurs due to hyperactive secretomotor neurons.
Research has shown that intestinal inflammation can occur due to an imbalance in the function of the enteric nervous system (myenteric and submucosal plexuses), suggesting a close interplay between the nervous plexuses and enteric immune cells.
Sources
All content published on Kenhub is reviewed by medical and anatomy experts. The information we provide is grounded on academic literature and peer-reviewed research. Kenhub does not provide medical advice. You can learn more about our content creation and review standards by reading our content quality guidelines.
References:
- Avetisyan, M., Schill, E. and Heuckeroth, R. (2015). Building a second brain in the bowel. Journal Of Clinical Investigation, 125(3), 899-907. DOI: 10.1172/jci76307
- Crossman, A.R., Neary, D. (2014). Neuroanatomy: An Illustrated Colour Text (5th ed.). Manchester, MCR: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.
- Drake, R. L., Vogl, A.W., Mitchell, A.W.M. (2020). Gray’s Anatomy for Students (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
- Eroschenko, V. (2013). Di Fiore's atlas of histology with functional correlations. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- Herath, M., Hosie, S., Bornstein, J., Franks, A. and Hill-Yardin, E. (2020). The Role of the gastrointestinal mucus system in intestinal homeostasis: Implications for neurological disorders. Frontiers in Cellular And Infection Microbiology, 10. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00248
- Mescher, A., and Junqueira, L. (2021). Junqueira's basic histology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Moore, K. L., Dalley. A. F., & Agur, A. M. R. (2014). Clinically Oriented Anatomy (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- Nezami, B. and Srinivasan, S. (2010). Enteric nervous system in the small intestine: Pathophysiology and clinical implications. Current Gastroenterology Reports, 12(5), 358-365. DOI: 10.1007/s11894-010-0129-9.
- Powers, K., Ma, X., Eipper, B. and Mains, R. (2019). Identifying roles for peptidergic signaling in mice. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences, 116(40), 20169-20179. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910495116.
- Ross, M. and Wojciech, P. (2020). Histology: A Text and Atlas with Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology (6th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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Kim Bengochea, Regis University, Denver
As an expert in neuroanatomy and the enteric nervous system (ENS), I bring a wealth of knowledge and practical understanding to the discussion of the submucosal plexus, also known as Meissner's plexus. My expertise is grounded in academic literature, peer-reviewed research, and a comprehensive understanding of the nervous system's intricate workings.
Let's delve into the concepts discussed in the article:
1. Enteric Nervous System (ENS): The ENS is a vital component of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and is responsible for regulating gastrointestinal function independently of the central nervous system. It consists of enteric neurons and glial cells organized into two interconnected plexuses: the myenteric and submucosal plexuses.
2. Submucosal Plexus (Meissner's Plexus):
- Location: Situated in the submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract.
- Structure: Comprised of postganglionic sympathetic neurons, preganglionic/postganglionic parasympathetic neurons (submucosal ganglia), enteric neurons, and enteric glial cells.
- Function:
- Regulates fluid secretion and absorption.
- Modulates blood flow to support bowel function.
- Responds to stimuli from the epithelium and lumen.
- Layers: Structurally composed of an outer layer (outer submucosal plexus) projecting to the circular smooth muscular layer and an inner layer (true submucosal plexus) innervating the muscularis mucosae and submucosal glands.
3. Histology of Submucosal Plexus:
- Ganglion Cells: Conspicuous components in histological sections with large cell bodies, basophilic staining cytoplasm, and large round euchromatic nuclei.
- Interstitial Cells (of Cajal): Specialized cells acting as electric pacemakers distributed in the submucosa, contributing to autonomous function.
4. Functions of Submucosal Plexus:
- Regulates peristaltic activity by innervating the muscularis mucosae.
- Modulates blood flow to submucosal blood vessels.
- Increases digestive secretion of water and electrolytes.
- Provides secretomotor innervation to submucosal glands.
5. Clinical Relations - Intestinal Inflammation:
- Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS) can lead to chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract.
- Imbalance in the function of the enteric nervous system, including the submucosal plexus, is implicated in intestinal inflammation.
- Hyperactive secretomotor neurons may contribute to symptoms like diarrhea in IBD and IBS.
6. Sources and References:
- The information provided is based on reputable sources, including academic literature, peer-reviewed research, and authoritative textbooks in anatomy and histology.
In conclusion, the submucosal plexus is a crucial component of the enteric nervous system, playing a pivotal role in regulating various gastrointestinal functions. My depth of knowledge is built on a foundation of rigorous academic study and a commitment to staying informed about the latest advancements in the field.
